Foreign Borrowing in 16th Century Spain :: European History Essays

Foreign Borrowing in sixteenth Century Spain This paper examines the lending by Genoese-led cartel to Phillip II of Spain in the 16th century from the viewpoint of sovereign debt. The Genoese linked specie deliveries from Spain to the Low Countries to lending in order to cartel created a penalty to enforce their loans. If the male monarch tried to renege, the Genoese applied the penalty and the king eventually repaid. I. IntroductionSovereign lending, throughout history, has been marked by occurrences of partial default and repudiation by governments of all kind from medieval princes to dictators to democratic regimes. In the 1970s lending to lesser-developed countries led to the rescheduling and partial defaults in the 1980s. Even the sustainability of the debt of nations such as Belgium, Canada, Italy and even the united States is non free from suspect.The reign of Philip II of Spain provides a good example to extend our knowledge of sovereign lending. Philip II fought wars th rough out his reign. To finance fluctuations in military expenditures, he had to borrow extensively. Repeatedly, Philip IIs Genoese lenders had imposed debt ceilings on the Crown. Once after reaching the debt ceiling, the Genoese suspended lending. They further penalise Spain by executing a penalty in order to force payment of loans an embargo on specie delivered to Spains armies. The military consequence of the embargo was severe. Spain was the predominant military power of the age, and Philip II was the last sovereign to credibly threaten to dominate Europe until Napoleon.(Kennedy p30). This played a significant role in testing Philip IIs aspirations in Europe and eventually caused Philip II to cede to the lenders. Sovereign debt theories first must assume the premise that there is no third party enforcers and that lenders must be able to enforce claims on their own. In addition these theories use reputation arising through repeated interaction to repay equilibria. It is only then that lending agreements are made and self-enforcing. Bulow and Rogoff (1989b) show that no lending will occur if the only threat is to cut off future(a) lending. This is because merely the threat to withdraw credit is not a severe enough penalty to prevent the Crown from repudiating his debt. Lenders would then anticipate this, and consequently, they do not lend. There are two classes of models that elaborate on Bulow and Rogoffs result and provide environments where repudiation does sustain positive debt.

Herman Melville :: essays research papers

Herman Melville     In 1850 while writing The House of the Seven Gables, Hawthornespublisher introduced him to another writer who was in the midst of a novel. Thiswas Herman Melville, the book Moby Dick. Hawthorne and Melville became goodfriends at once, for despite their dissimilar backgrounds, they had a wide dealin common. Melville was a New Yorker, born(p) in 1819, one of eight children of amerchant of deluxe lineage. His father, however, lost all his money anddied when the boy was 12. Herman left school at 15, worked briefly as a bankclerk, and in 1837 went to sea. For 18 months, in 1841 and 1842, he was crewmanon the whaler Acushnet. Then he jumped ship in the South Seas. For a time helived among a tribe of cannibals in the Marquesas. later(prenominal) he made his way toTahiti where he idled away nearly a year. After another year at sea he returnedto America in the fall of 1844.     Although he had never before attempted serious writ ing, in 1846 hepublished Typee an account of his life in the Marquesas. The book was a greatsuccess, for Melville had visited a part of the world almost unknown toAmericans, and his descriptions of his bizarre experiences suited the taste of aromantic age.     As he wrote Melville became conscious of deeper powers. In 1849 he begana systematic news report of Shakespeare, pondering the bards intuitive grasp of humannature. Like Hawthorne, Melville could not accept the prevailing optimism ofhis generation. Unlike his friend, he admired Emerson, seconding the Emersonian pick out that Americans reject European ties and develop their own literature."Believe me," he wrote, "men not very much inferior to Shakespeare are this daybeing born on the banks of the Ohio." Yet he considered Emersons vague talkabout striving and the inherent goodness of mankind complacent nonsense.     Experience made Melville too cognisant of the evil in th e world to be atranscendentalist. His novel Redburn based on his adventures on a Liverpoolpacket, was, as the critic F. O. Matthiessen put it, "a study in disillusion, ofinnocence confronted with the world, of ideals shattered by facts." YetMelville was no cynic he expressed deep sympathy for the Indians and forimmigrants, crowded like animals into the holds of transatlantic vessels. Hedenounced the brutality of discipline in the United States Navy in White-Jacket.His essay The Tartarus of Maids, a moving if somewhat overdrawn description ofyoung women working in a paper factory, protested the subordination of humanbeings to machines.

The Benefits of FFA Membership Essay -- Expository Essays Research Pap

The spacious, mute auditorium is suddenly turned into a buzzing social center as the large treble doors are swung open by thousands of enthusiastic young members of the National FFA Organization. Although the topics of their conversations may range from discussions on recent use of Global Positioning Satellites in tractors, to arguments everyplace the greatest country singer of all time, these young people all have i thing in common. They are all wearing the gloomful corduroy jacket of the FFA, proudly displaying the FFA emblem on the back, embroidered with rich and gold thread. These members are stand up in the center of Freedom Hall the main auditorium use to hold the National FFA Convention in Louisville, Kentucky. They are anxiously awaiting the branch session of the first National Convention to be held in Kentucky.Amidst the sea of blue and gold, one member stands silently in awe of the multitude of people. The sleeves of his blue jacket go down stiffly at his side and t he copper zipper shines brilliantly both signs of a brand new jacket-- a brand new FFA member. His face looks peaceable as if he really doesnt know how to react, but the lightness in his eyes betrays his excitement. This is the first FFA activity he has attended as a uplifted school freshman. To the average person, the boy looks quiet and shy. However, a cum of strength is beginning to take root inside this young man. Through being have-to doe with in this convention as well as many another(prenominal) more FFA activities in the young mans career in FFA, a world of possibilities is opening up for his future.The National Future Farmers of America program was started in 1929 by a group of young people desiring an organization in which they could take plain tuition classes, practice their l... ...eles Times, 5. Retrieved on border 20, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe (Newspapers) on the public Wide meshwork http//www.lexisnexis.com/universe.htm.Prominent Former Membe rs of the FFA. (2001, September 13). National FFA Organization. Retrieved March 19, 2002 from the World Wide Webhttp//www.ffa.org/htmSheshadri, T. (2001, December 26). Student recognized for agricultural acumen. The San Diego Union Tribune, N1-4. Retrieved on March 20, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe (Newspapers) on the World Wide Web http//www.lexisnexis.com/universe.htm.Tenney, A. (1977). The FFA at 50. Alexandria, VA Future Farmers of America.West, S. (2001, September 20). FFA more than cows, plows. The Houston Chronicle, 6. Retrieved on March 20, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe (Newspapers) on the World Wide Web http//www.lexisnexis.com/universe.htm. The Benefits of FFA Membership Essay -- Expository Essays Research PapThe spacious, mute auditorium is suddenly turned into a buzzing social center as the large double doors are swung open by thousands of enthusiastic young members of the National FFA Organization. Although the topics of their convers ations may range from discussions on recent use of Global Positioning Satellites in tractors, to arguments over the greatest country singer of all time, these young people all have one thing in common. They are all wearing the blue corduroy jacket of the FFA, proudly displaying the FFA emblem on the back, embroidered with blue and gold thread. These members are standing in the center of Freedom Hall the main auditorium used to hold the National FFA Convention in Louisville, Kentucky. They are anxiously awaiting the first session of the first National Convention to be held in Kentucky.Amidst the sea of blue and gold, one member stands silently in awe of the multitude of people. The sleeves of his blue jacket hang stiffly at his side and the copper zipper shines brightly both signs of a brand new jacket-- a brand new FFA member. His face looks passive as if he really doesnt know how to react, but the sparkle in his eyes betrays his excitement. This is the first FFA activity he has att ended as a high school freshman. To the average person, the boy looks quiet and shy. However, a seed of strength is beginning to take root inside this young man. Through being involved in this convention as well as many more FFA activities in the young mans career in FFA, a world of possibilities is opening up for his future.The National Future Farmers of America program was started in 1929 by a group of young people desiring an organization in which they could take agricultural education classes, practice their l... ...eles Times, 5. Retrieved on March 20, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe (Newspapers) on the World Wide Web http//www.lexisnexis.com/universe.htm.Prominent Former Members of the FFA. (2001, September 13). National FFA Organization. Retrieved March 19, 2002 from the World Wide Webhttp//www.ffa.org/htmSheshadri, T. (2001, December 26). Student recognized for agricultural acumen. The San Diego Union Tribune, N1-4. Retrieved on March 20, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Acade mic Universe (Newspapers) on the World Wide Web http//www.lexisnexis.com/universe.htm.Tenney, A. (1977). The FFA at 50. Alexandria, VA Future Farmers of America.West, S. (2001, September 20). FFA more than cows, plows. The Houston Chronicle, 6. Retrieved on March 20, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe (Newspapers) on the World Wide Web http//www.lexisnexis.com/universe.htm.

American History X :: Movies Film

Recently we watched a movie called American History X. It touched on a lot of major(ip) subjects such as gang violence and racism, which has been passed on from generation to generation. It also asked questions like, what were their racist ideas really based on, how did racism publication the community, can racism be reshaped by actual experiences, and how or why racism to begin with? Racism has been the main topic in the judicial system, police force affairs, and racially divided communities for historic period but its neither disappearing nor growing to this today. In this movie the main character was a man named Derek. After the destruction of his father, due to gang violence, he became a racist to all others but white people. He blamed the lack of jobs and poor wages on the inexorables and immigrants. In an interview he had afterwards the death of his father he stated that, its all the blacks fault for all the violence in their neighborhood. He also verbalize that, th ey brought all the diseases like back up and its their problem and why did they have to bring it to the white people. Before he vandalized a store, owned by a Chinese man, with his other racist friends he told them why they were doing this. He told them that these immigrates come here an instead of looking for the American dream they come and take advantage of it and by firing those who worked there in advance and hiring Mexicans and blacks, that are willing to work at a low-wage, they make more money. So he and his friends need to show them that they thus dont belong here and no one wants them here. After brutally killing two people, in cold blood, Derek was arrested and sentenced to six years in prison. In prison, there were some like him and had the equivalent thoughts but didnt stay true to their beliefs. He wondered why did his fellow skin-heads had confrontations with others outside of the group for product and merchandise and then morose around and sell it to his own . This amiable of activity puzzled Derek who later in the movie came to the realization that there is nothing wrong about talking to blacks and others. Slowly, as the months passed, in jail he started developing a new found respect for everyone no matter their color or race, he started talking to his black laundry folding partner, and halt hanging or talking to his Nazi friends .American History X Movies FilmRecently we watched a movie called American History X. It touched on a lot of major subjects such as gang violence and racism, which has been passed on from generation to generation. It also asked questions like, what were their racist ideas really based on, how did racism effect the community, can racism be reshaped by actual experiences, and how or why racism to begin with? Racism has been the main topic in the judicial system, police affairs, and racially divided communities for years but its neither disappearing nor growing to this today. In this movie the main cha racter was a man named Derek. After the death of his father, due to gang violence, he became a racist to all others but white people. He blamed the lack of jobs and poor wages on the blacks and immigrants. In an interview he had after the death of his father he stated that, its all the blacks fault for all the violence in their neighborhood. He also said that, they brought all the diseases like AIDS and its their problem and why did they have to bring it to the white people. Before he vandalized a store, owned by a Chinese man, with his other racist friends he told them why they were doing this. He told them that these immigrates come here an instead of looking for the American dream they come and take advantage of it and by firing those who worked there before and hiring Mexicans and blacks, that are willing to work at a low-wage, they make more money. So he and his friends need to show them that they indeed dont belong here and no one wants them here. After brutally killing two people, in cold blood, Derek was arrested and sentenced to six years in prison. In prison, there were some like him and had the same thoughts but didnt stay true to their beliefs. He wondered why did his fellow skin-heads had confrontations with others outside of the group for product and merchandise and then turned around and sell it to his own. This kind of activity puzzled Derek who later in the movie came to the realization that there is nothing wrong about talking to blacks and others. Slowly, as the months passed, in jail he started developing a new found respect for everyone no matter their color or race, he started talking to his black laundry folding partner, and stopped hanging or talking to his Nazi friends .

Breakthrough Perspective on Green and Sustainable Architecture Essay

Buildings create been part of human life since the beginning of time, we cypher of them to stick up, learn, grown, for protection and shelter. The decisions we make today will not only affect our future but our surrounding as well. We need twists to survive the climates of the earth and to live our own lives. Architecture is what nature cannot make, yet it is influenced by the rules of nature, as humans evolved so did our way of thinking, and so did our architecture. verdure architecture is a breakthrough in human history, Green Architecture is more a more advanced way of building, it has if the building as a life. The purpose of this essay report is to find out the advantages of green Architecture in Canadian Society and its positive effects on our economy. By illuminating the advantages of these green buildings, we will clarify that green building as opened many doors and new possibilities into the human world. What is Green/Sustainability Architecture? Green architecture is a method of design that reduces the negative impact that buildings have on the environment. Its a harmless approach to building that minimizes harm on human health and the environment (Jackie Craven, What is Green Architecture and Green Design, About.com Guide, 2009http//architecture.about.com/od/green concepts/g/green.htm) It helps people to live in a safer and healthier environment as well as contribute to the well being of the planet. A building is considered green when it has a positive approach on all bea of its focus, which includes sustainability, materials efficiency, energy efficiency, water efficiency, land use and waste reduction. All of these criteria are based on the Canadian LEED rating system, which is applicable to new building, and ba... ...rcialnews.com/article/id224212Williams, Patricia (2007). Concrete makes perfect choice for Torontos St. Gabriels Passionate Church. Retrieved celestial latitude 5, 2009, http//www.dailycommercialnews.com/article/id25465 3Green Church Applauded (2006). Presbyterian Record. Retrieved Dec 5, 2009,http//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-155664452.html 4St. Gabriels Passionate Parish. Retrieved Dec 6, 2009, http//www.stgabrielsparish.ca/index.php5Businesses Gain Interest in sustainable Buildings, Design News 62.9(2007) 28, Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web 14 Dec, 2009).6Jackie Craven, What is Green Architecture and Green Design, About.com Guide, 2009http//architecture.about.com/od/green concepts/g/green.htm7(Kirthy Shetty, Green Building and its Advantages, exinearticles.com, 2009, http//ezinearticles.com/?Green-Building-and-Its-Advantages&id=1861902)

Resisting Negative Peer Pressure Essay -- Peer Pressure Essays

Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to what individuals perceive as normal of their society or social group. This influence occurs in gloomy groups and society as a whole, and may result from subtle unconscious influences, or direct and overt social stuff. Conformity can occur in the presence of others or when an individual is alone (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformity) Has there been a time when you suddenly found yourself watching a group of teens communicate and they all seemed to be doing something different from what you can see? How did this agree you feel? Did you feel like you had to conform to their way of communicating to each other? If so you just failed victim to your desire to conform. Adolescence, go through different stages of development, these stages are meant to move adolescence between their childhood and their adulthood. These stages are the experiences a teen go through that brings about a variety of changes and emotional issues. Varies cultures play a part in the adolescence development, ranging from their preteens through 19 years of age. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), adolescence covers the period of manners between 10 and 20 years of age. Adolescence is often divided by psychologists into three distinct phases early, mid, and late adolescence (World Health Organization). When an individual take on the behaviors, attitudes, and styles of their peers because of the pressure of fitting in, this is peer conformity, also known as peer pressure. In most cultures the amount of time we spend with our peers tends to increase, as well as the heart they provide for support. Peer influence can start as soon as the third grade for some an... ... Last there is Internalization, publicly changing behavior to fit in with the group and also agreeing with them privately (http//www.simplypsychology.org/conformity.html). By studying conformity, I hope I will be able to religious service others keep their identity and follow their own values and beliefs and not give in to peer pressure and conformity. I hope I can make teens more aware of the many influences that peers pressure can have on them and the many choices that make them who they are.ReferenceHarris, J. R. (1995). Where is the childs environment? A group socialization system of development. Psychological Review.Conformity, retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConformityWorld Health Organization, (2013). Adolescent Health and DevelopmentConformity in Psychology, retrieved from http//www.simplypsychology.org/conformity.html

Innovative Human Resource Practices : Global Perspective.

advance(a) Human Resource Practices Global Perspective. Any corporation thats going to line it in the 1990s and beyond has got to stimulate a way to engage the mind of e precise single employee. If you ar non thinking all the judgment of conviction about making ein truth employee more(prenominal) valuable, you dont fuddle a chance. Whats the alternative? Wasted minds? isolated muckle? A labour force thats angry or bored? That doesnt make sense. Jack WelchPositively correlated with the economic diversity is the strengthening and diversification of human resource management practices, a break away from the more traditional, though extremely challenging fields of Personal focus and Industrial Relations. The maturity of various industries in India has also seen a maturity in the way the various players approach their human resource management. One minute example is that of BPO Industry. In the beginning it was only cockeyedt to handle non-core activities like counterba lanceroll management etc. ut as the industry-matured it saw the entry of various players flood tide-up with strategic core service support like NAD, RR&D etc. This led to a stronger focus on HRM. What is happening in India today is similar to the experiences of economically developed nations through several past decades and will happen in least developed countries too, in judgment of convictions to come. Hence, it would be prudent to talk of innovational human resource practices in a more general, i. e. , global framework. Of course, contextual peculiarities will only serve to enrich our liveledge pool.But the first affair we need to clear both at a conceptual and at a terminological level what we atomic number 18 looking for. The main task is to note a common definition of innovative practices, a definition that most of us could agree upon in aver to avoid conflicting interpretations or misunderstandings, Innovative practices be original, exemplary, successful, adaptable, novel solutions gained from experience. Undoubtedly, the Innovative Practices when considered are large in variety.They range from the introduction of new technologies to the assignment of new duties to the increase in competences, they run new organizational models, and they introduce innovative tools of social and political governance at a local level. Modern workplaces are extremely complex situations in which all the elements the genius of the job, the characteristics of the employee, the structure of the organization/ organizational sub-unit as easily as the methods and aims of supervision are extremely diverse and/or fluid. And, as a response, watch emerged, a wide variety of innovative HR practices.The first element common is the need for innovation and experimentation, which are required in order to cope with the transfer in the sector as workforce around the gentleman, has undergone a serious transformation. Changing demographic patterns, income levels, aspirations & assumeations have given rise to a more contracting & aware work force. Lets take the example of a BPO where in order to retain employees, industry is adopting new and innovative ways. The pursual example helps us to understand how the industry is attracting people. MSR works for four days e rattling week and gets to put her feet up for the rest of the week.MSR is part of a 20-member group at a leading BPO, WNS Global Services. While the company claimed every employee followed a five-day week, an insider said that the new four-day system has been introduced as a pilot take in for an US insurance firm. The insurer apparently offers a similar option to its call centre employees in the US. Workers opting for the four-day system get a normal weekend off and another holiday mid-week. However, they have to work for 11 hours on normal workdays compared to nine hours that their colleagues following a usual week put in.The pay is no different either. MSR says that she finds this comfor table as she is in the office for most of the day or night. It does not make much of a difference if she be on for another couple of hours making it 11 hours a day. But she is happy to have a full day off that gives her more time to be with her family. solely like above mentioned example many BPOs are following various innovative practices in the form of new HR incentives. They have tried many incentives such as encouraging people to get their family to work in the same place or creating recreational opportunities.A ranking(prenominal) professor of organizational behavior at XLRI, India observed that after a point, money would not matter and personal life becomes very important. Companies are nerve-wracking to reduce the gap between official life and personal life. They are trying to take concern of employees personal life as much as possible. That is why the employers are trying to make the organization a fun workplace, offering facilities like gym, sauna and games. Some comp anies also arrange to take bang of errands such as paying electricity and telephone bills to help the employees reducing their personal work loads.Lets look at some of the issues profession for more innovative human resource practices 1. Technology, Change and Resistance to Change. Needless to say, one big player is Technology. Hard technology created alienation amongst workers and it continues to do so in softer avatars. The introduction of amazing new technologies have increased the rush at which other organizations will copy your best practices so it is necessary to speed up the rate of innovation in everything in business. In short, innovation is the last remaining competitive advantage in business and HR and recruiting are not exempt from this fact.Perhaps this quote will illustrate the speed in which companies are required to innovate Innovation is what is at the foundation of the U. S. economy. Just to give you a simple example of my company about 90 percent of December r evenue comes from products which were not there in January. That sort of innovation, which is a total turnover of our revenue every year, is indicative of what innovation means to us. You miss a cycle of innovation, your revenue disappears. Craig Barrett, CEO of Intel Witness the sustained employee- resistance, blanket or overt, to technology introduction.In earlier decades, workers resisted mechanization for fear of job-loss. These days, computerization efforts are given the boot as it requires new ensureing. Again witness the very high implementation failure rates of what were once thought of as panacea for all organizational ills Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. What actually failed was the befitting integration of the Human layer with the Technological one. And now the flipside- Technology helps organizations co-ordinate the complex task of human resource management.Human Resource solicitude solutions (HRMS) are available in flexible, web- based modules like E mployee Performance wariness (including eAppraisal, Trainning & Development, Goal allocation & Tracking, Multi- Rater Feedback, Performance Linked Bonus etc. ). A lot of companies / HR consultants get custom software built for the purpose on Oracle, but the functionality is similar, which filters and web support etc. Some of the software that support various HR Functions are Instant HR Software 2. 0. 94 (Manage human resources, personnel records, leave and benefits. , ERP Flex HR 1 (Manage detailed information of your employees, various evaluations, and trainings. ), The Garuda gustatory sensation Profile 2. 1 (Analyze, describe, and measure essential competences, statistics and job-requirements. ) etc. Human Capital Management including Employee Database (HRIS), Employee Self- Services, Payroll Manager, Online Compensation Planning etc. ) eRecruitment ( including Recruitment portal, Transfer Management etc. ) Strategic HR Tools (including Organization Alignment, Succession P lanning, Manpower Planning, Leadership Effectiveness Surveys, and Employee Satisfaction Surveys etc. 2. The Gen-Y gauntlet Challenge me Develop me Pay me all across the world, and especially in demographically young countries like India, the workforce has come to share certain common features young age, high levels of intelligence as well as education, a comfortable upbringing, very high aspirational levels and high mobility ( not only physical but also emotional). Coupled these with a relative phlegm towards hierarchy, bureaucracy, titles and bonuses and the HR manager has a serious retention and motivation problem at hand as these young people are different.Their motivation, their technical sophistication, and their demand for respect and responsibility are leaving many company executives to wonder What should we do with times Y? Its clear that harnessing the power of these young people is an issue many companies have started to address. generation Y is innovative and creative. They seek to make a difference and want to produce something worthwhile. Companies that dont find a way to harness that energy very quickly are likely going to lose out.Generation Y is also impatient they expect speed and change and wont tolerate situations that dont make sense to them. Technology advancements are in part responsible for the contemporariess sense of urgency. This generation is connected 24/7. Their exuberant, impatient style may be frustrating to older executives who dismiss Generation Y as inexperienced. At work, Generation Y thrives on flexibility, having space to explore, and the opportunity to pursue new challenges. They expect to be respected for their ideas and insights from Day One, and they think face time and corporate politics are a waste of time.Theyd also like to stay with one company if that company offers them ongoing opportunities to grow and learn new things. So HR practitioners should adopt some practical steps to consider toward change. Start by determining the companys need for Generation Y talent over the next three to five years, and dont forget to anticipate the retirement of Baby Boomers or the shortage of Generation Xers. Try to assess the workplace relative to what Generation Yers want long-term career development, multiple experiences within a single company, flexibility, sense of purpose and convey in work, respect, and open communication.Finally, develop a generational change plan with the support of senior leaders in the company and pay particular tutelage to communicating the plans purpose and details so that people feel comfortable with the changes. 3. The Creating a Great Place to Work Contest. Yes. Like globe Shows on TV, this new contest has also entered HRM- space in India. Every self respecting organization wants to be on the bandwagon (or at least seen to be on it). HR managers take this issue seriously as the quality of the workplace impacts directly on issues of customer service and productivity.The connection to customer service has been shown in numerous studies. A famous 1998 study published in the Harvard Business Review article The Employee-Customer-Profit Chain at Sears showed that an increase in employee satisfaction at a store resulted in an increase in customer satisfaction, which in turn resulted in higher profitability for the store. There have been similar studies in the hospital industry, showing that improvements in workplace environments result in better patient satisfaction.A Financial Services & Insurance / Morgan Stanley company of United States takes care of its work environment in order to increase productivity and retain employees. Employees at this investment bank are cared for with benefits that include both on-site restaurants, two health clubs, a medical clinic, dry cleaner, and back-up child care services one of many initiatives set-up to promote better work/life balance. But what rattling keeps employees here is the sense among them that they are a ll seen as people first, not just employees.Phrases such as we hire nice people, and talent is more important than specific skill indicate that managers at Morgan Stanley are willing to invest in people to help them grow and learn, and thus create a career for themselves. This is not the only company there are various company all over the world which are focusing on this very issue of work life. Witness the following initiatives Saskens People First policy shifting focus from consumer to employees Marriott Hotels Guarantee of Fair Treatment (GIFT) SCOPEs (Standard Chartered Operations Co. Switch Jobs Without Quitting (SJWQ) Godrej Consumer Products Policy on Sexual Harassment (POSH) Sapient Community Outreach Programme (SAPPORT) Saskens Hibernation Leave concept etc. and so organization need to understand that mere talk about creating a customer- centric organization is not enough you need to provide a workings example of how its done. Now that we have seen few issues which are ve ry important in todays scenario to be taken care of let us see few examples of the companies that are following innovative practices in their organizations.The below mentioned examples give a view that companies are following across the world innovative practices that elicit help them to retain, develop and motivate their people. 7 creative ways that leading companies use to maximize the power of people. 1. Support and Accountability for vernal recruits at Trilogy Software Trilogy Software, inc among the worlds largest privately held software companies pushes the responsibility of grooming new hires into the organization on their sponsors. As a result, if the new hires make the grade, the sponsors are paid $ 1,000 bonus. If the new hires fail, the sponsors are required to pay $4,000.As most sponsors hold stock options worth millions of dollars so the penalisation does not mean much to them. However, what happens is those who fail examine why their recruit failed and take steps to avoid those mistakes. 2. Jeff Taylor, Founder and CEO of Monster on the importance of having a profound time with employees. We have a full breakfast bar at our company. We bring in 500 bagels and fresh cut fruit in the morning. We have a gym with a trainer. We have parties once a quarter, where we invite the employees to come and have a good time. 3. Practice what CEO of SAS, Dr.James Goodnight calls Management by Loitering Its just to be seen walking around and talking to people, and finding out what theyre working on and basically being approachable. You know a lot of things that dont really come up through the management ranks and some times you find out some very interesting things that people are working on. . 4. Larry Page on automating Performance Tracking at Google. We did a simple thing that in retrospect was smart as a whip We wrote a program that asks every engineer what they did every week. It sends them an email on Monday, and concatenates the emails together in a document that everyone can read.And it then sends that out to everyone and shames those who did not answer by putting him or her on the top of the list. It has run reliably every week since we started, so forever week of our companys history we have a record of what everyone did. Its good for performance reviews, and if youre joining a project team, in five minutes you can read what your team members did last week or months. 5. Andy Taylor, Enterprise Rent a Car on Relentless Customer Focus So we indomitable that we had to add some metrics to our customer satisfaction.We created a measurement called ESQi, which is the Enterprise Service Quality index. Its a statistically valid sample of customers opinions taken monthly, at every one of our branches. The customer gets called seven to ten days following the close of the rental. We have an outside company to collect the data, and there are basically two questions. The first asks about the customers satisfaction level, with five answe rs ranging from completely satisfied to completely dissatisfied, and the second asks how likely he would be to return to Enterprise.Beginning in 1996 we told all employees, if youre not at corporate average or above on your ESQi, your not getting promoted. And all of a sudden, customer satisfaction went to the top of the list. The ESQi has given us a greater sense of urgency and I would consider that the greatest change that has occurred here. The process enables us to go from being a nearly $2 billion business in 1994 to a $7 billion-plus business today. 6. Staying in edge at Walmart At retail giant Walmart, every Monday, members of the senior executive team head out to Walmart stores around the world, where they talk with managers, employees and customers.To ensure that they get a complete picture, they also pay a few visits to competitors stores. On Thursday evening, they return to corporate headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas, armed with new insights about the market and th eir people. There, they discuss what theyve seen and heard, thus allowing the organization to modify its strategies. On Saturday thousands of store managers participate in a videoconference and the senior team shares their observations and provides direction for the coming week.Come Monday, Theyre on the road again. 7. Take Employee Feedback like IBM IBM held a three-day discussion via the corporate intranet to debate and discuss about the companys values, the nature of the organisation and what it stood for. The forum dubbed ValuesJam attracted about 50,000 of IBMs employees and elicited about 10,000 comments about the proposed values. Thus we can see how little innovation in your practices can raise not only your employee performance but also your organization performance.Basics are always the same, the only thing we can do is bring or use innovative ways to improve your working and efficiency of your employees. References http//www. deloitte. com/dtt/cda/doc/content/us_consultin g_hc_dbrief_150606. pdf http//www. specht. com. au/michael/2007/05/16/gen-y-in-the-workforce/ http//resources. greatplacetowork. com/article/pdf/levering_web. pdf http//www. citehr. com AUTHOR SHALIKA GRACE PHILLIPS, ASSISTANT POFESSOR, LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI get OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, BAREILLY.

Do Thin Models Warp Girls’ Body Image?

Do Thin Models Warp Girls Body Image? Nanci Hellmichs Do Thin Models Warp Girls Body Image? published in Elements of crease summarizes the effects models delineations have on young girls. Hellmich brings to our attention the influence models have on the female mindset. Psychologist, Sharon Lamb, points out that it is perfectly normal that girls want to look good, but it should not be their main focus (706). Many of the models developing a heartbreaking eating disorder, is portraying to young girls that having an eating disorder or being extremely thin is the standard way to look (706).The uncover of soundbox image is one, which grows greater as the years go on. An ex-Victoria Secret model was shocked by how thinner their figures be becoming (705). From a very young age, girls argon hit from every direction to have a thin body. Whether it is television, movies, or magazine publishers. Having a tremendously thin body in todays nine is what is expected. Hellmichs purpose is to show the negative vibe models give off to the younger generations of girls. In the knowledge domain today, girls feel as though if they do not look exactly like the models they see all over media, than they are over weight.She also points out that being thin is not the only issue people face. They also face the issue of being overweight, which also affects a persons health (707). Hellmich does an outstanding job at showing us professional input using ethos. She points out that psychologist and eating-disorder experts think fashion industries have push models into dangerously unhealthy body types (705). Professor of psychiatrics in Chicago states, super-thin models prat play a role in causing anorexia (706).The models that young girls of this time are looking up to are pushing themselves to develop a breeding stopping eating disorder. Pathos is set up when we think about how young the impression of what are bodies are suppose to look like begins. Researchers have found that youn g girls start getting this message as young as first grade (707). Even at an age as early as that they feel that the culture is telling them that they have to look like a model. Writers for magazines say that girls should not wish to look like the models they envy because they are freaks of temper (707).Sarah Murnen, a professor of psychology, conducted a study with girls ages ten and older on what level they had with their body esteem. More then 6,000 girls had poor body image from the pic they had to fashion magazines, where as a trivial 18 percent rejected the image of models and felt comfortable with their bodies (707). Hellmich brings out numerous facts on the issue of body image in young girls. Glamours points out that they believe that every woman no matter what shape or size deserves respect. They do not run photographs of women who are at an unhealthy weight.Every woman can look wonderful without wearing a smaller size (708). This shows the majority of magazine producers are making it a priority to select women for their magazines who are of all shapes and sizes. The tone of this article is one of concerned and worried. Concern for the younger generations of girls and what they see as beautiful. As the seasons pass, ex-models are noticing the differences in the models weight. Psychologist and experts are beginning to worry about the influence models are having on very impressionable females.Over all, the articles claims are effective. Showing girls who think looking like an extremely thin model is not the best choice. The terrible measures girls have to take to look like the world is telling them to look, can be dangerous and life taking. Works Cited Hellmich, Nanci, Do Thin Models Warp Girls Body Image? Pediatrics, Vol. 114, No. 3, September 2004. Rpt. in Elements of Argument A Text and Reader. 10th ed. Annette T, Rottenberg and Donna Haisty Winchell. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 705-709. Print.

The Life and Death of Great American Cities

The diversity, strength and most importantly, the fundamental life of cities during the early part of 1960s significantly require the humanistic supervision and military commission of authoritative architects and urban planners. This is under the principle that the design and overall plan of remarkable American cities such as New York should not be compromised and heavy-laden with concerns of unsuccessful and incorrect city planning and approach. This was effectively exemplified by Jane Jacobs in The Death and Life of Great American Cities. The books success primarily lies with the authors daring analysis of the issues relating with problem on slums or the decaying of neighborhood in famous city areas like New York. In exerting her efforts at criticizing the city planners, the book provided the public with a realization of the inefficient strategies which were designed and carried out by urban architects and concerned authorities in their management of the cities and neighborhoods of the twentieth century (Jacobs, 1961).The book was distinctly commendable for its provision of an honest study and critique of what comprise to have a successful neighborhood. Jacobs simply stated that a city is properly handled by its managers if it manifests effective and safe streets. Additionally, the book clearly implies the need to have walkway for pedestrians, recreational or play areas and most essentially, a healthy and safe neighborhood.The book emphasized that it pays to have a link between the constructions in the city and the people themselves. This is under the idea that effective city structures paves the way for the successful handling of the urban area by its city manager and ultimately the healthy and safe living of people within the city. turn over Cited Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York Random House, 1961.

Blood Pressure

Hypertension A&P 1 Assignment 1 Amanda G. smith ITT Tech Hypertension Abnormal subscriber line ram above 120/80, Prehypertension systolic nip ranging from 120 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic twinge ranging from 90 to 99 mm Hg. Sold age 1 Hypertension Systolic blackjack ranging from 140 to 159 mm Hg, diastolic pressure ranging from 90 to 99 mm Hg. Stage 2 Hypertension Systolic pressure of 160 mm Hg or higher(prenominal) a diastolic pressure of 100mm Hg or higher. (WWW. Mayclinic. om/health/high- melody-pressure ) riptide pressure is the amount of blood your touchwood pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries, the more your bone marrow pumps and the narrower the arteries the higher the blood pressure. It is measured by two numbers Systolic (top number when the first heart beat is heard after releasing the pressure on the blood pressure cuff), and diastolic (bottom number the last heart beat heard when releasing the pressure on the blood pressure cuff. ) Hyp ertension is assort as a negative feedback trunk. (see figure on Pg. 728 7th edition A&P copy wright 2007 Elane N.Marieb &Katja Hoehn) Influence of selected hormones on Variables affecting blood pressure (see table 19. 2 Pg. 129 7th edition A&P copy wright 2007 Elane N. Marieb &Katja Hoehn) Organ systems involved Cardiovascular system Circulatory clay Renal System Respiratory System With Hypertension the consistency is unable to maintain homeostasis because the heart is unable to maintain a proper heart identify. This may be due(p) to a multitude of diagnoses the Pt. may have. Some Factors of Hypertension include (Pg. 733, 7th edition A&P copy wright 2007 Elane N.Marieb &Katja Hoehn) Smoking Nicotine enhances the sympathetic nervous systems vasoconstrictor effects, thus narrowing blood vessels, and causing high blood pressure. Diet Dietary factors that contribute to Hypertension, high intake of sodium Causes the body to retain fluid, thus increasing blood pressure, saturated f ats, cholesterol and deficiencies in certain ions (potassium, calcium, and magnesium. ) To little potassium Potassium helps balance the amount of sodium in the cells, thus retaining to much sodium, thus retaining fluid and increasing blood pressure.Too little vitamin D may affect an enzyme produced by the kidneys (renin) affecting blood pressure regulation. corpulency being overweight burn down cause high blood pressure. Diabetes Mellitus Stress Particularly Pts. whose pressure rises during a stressful event. Increase in your heart rate causing the heart to work harder and putting the Pt. at risk for a heart attack. Age Clinically signs of hypertension usually show after age 40. Women are more likely to develop Hypertension after menopause. Medications Birth control pills, illegal drugs, cold medications, decongestants. Chronic Hypertension is a common and mordacious disease that warns of increased peripheral resistance. An estimated 30% of people over the age of 50 are hypertens ive. Although this silent killer is usually asymptomatic for the first 10 to 20 yrs. , it slowly but surely strains the heart and damages the arteries. Prolonged hypertension is the major cause of heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure and stroke. Because the heart is forced to pump against greater resistance, it larges. When finally strained beyond its capacity to respond, the heart weakens and its walls become flabby.Hypertension also ravages the blood vessels, accelerating the progress of atherosclerosis. As the vessels become more and more blocked, blood flow to the tissues becomes inadequate and vascular complications appear in the brain, heart, kidneys, and retinas of the eyes. Hypertension is defined physiologically as a condition of sustained arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher, the higher the pressure, greater the risk for serious cardiovascular problems. As a rule, elevated diastolic pressures are more profound medically, because they always indicate progressiv e occlusion and/ or hardening of the atrial tree. (Pg. 733 7th edition A&P copy wright 2007 Elane N. Marieb &Katja Hoehn) Education to the PT. The Dr. has diagnosed you with Hypertension. I am going to explain what that means to you. I am also going to send you with some educational materials you can look over when you get home. Blood pressure is the amount of blood your heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries, the more your heart pumps and the narrower the arteries the higher the blood pressure.It is measured by two numbers Systolic (top number when the first heart beat is heard after releasing the pressure on the blood pressure cuff), and Diastolic (bottom number the last heart beat heard when releasing the pressure on the blood pressure cuff. ) You should pick up a small blood pressure monitor and take your blood pressure three (3) times a day. In the morning when you wake up, in the afternoon (lunch time) and in the change surface before you go t o bed. Also anytime in between when you feel your blood pressure to be abnormal. Take a note book and take down pat(p) all the recordings with date and time. This you will bring back to the Dr. o he/she can proceed with your plan of care. This will also give you a dangerous idea of what your blood pressure ranges. If the Dr. has prescribed any medications, be sure to follow the directions carefully. If you take too much it could result in your blood pressure dropping to rapidly. This will cause you to feel faint and dizzy. Please if you skip a dose pertain the Dr. and again do not double up on the medication. Usually you can just take your next dose without any issues. If you are experiencing chest pain call 911 or go to the ER. project sure you have a healthy diet, keep track of your sodium intake and if you smoke STOP.Make sure you exorcise regularly. Blood pressure runs differently for every person. Normal is 115/75 or 120/80,If it ranges 160 or higher diastolic or 90 or high er systolic contact the Dr. or go to the ER for a BP check. Complications if you do not follow your Dr. s orders. (WWW. Mayoclinic. com/health/high-blood-pressure) Heart attack or stroke High blood pressure can cause hardening and thickening of the arteries, which can trinity to heart attack, stroke or other complications. Aneurysm increased blood pressure can cause your blood vessels to weaken and bulge, forming an aneurysm. If the aneurysm ruptures it can be life threatening.Heart failure To pump blood against the higher pressure in your vessels, your heart muscle thickens. Eventually, the thickened muscle may have a hard time pumping enough blood to meet your bodys needs, which can lead to heart failure. Thickened, narrowed or torn blood vessels in the eyes this can lead to vision loss. Weakened and narrowed blood vessels in your kidneys this can prevent these organs from functioning normally and can lead to kidney failure. Sources used 7th edition A&P copy wright 2007 Elane N. Marieb & Katja Hoehn WWW. Mayoclinic. com/health/high-blood-pressure

Competitive Education Essay

In my opinion, Education is a holistic process of learning and development in an souls lifetime. While competitiveness, is the result of the basic survival instinct already inherent in an individual, or for that matter either living organisms which co-exist in the same environment. For this reason, I believe education as a system shouldnt undermine the importance of competition as a valuable hammer employed to enhance the learning process, undermining which might consequently hinder the natural progress and development of a student.The need for a competitive education becomes all the more vital in preparing a student for the cut-throat competition that takes place in the real macrocosm, and in which survival of the fittest phenomenon applies in every aspect of an individuals life. It starts early from sibling rivalry at home, to parents ensuring that the individual gets into the better(p) school, again enrolling into the best college of choice, applying for scholarships, vying f or the attention of the opposite sex, finding a suitable job, choosing the best prospective bride or g path, starting an enterprise and competing against other enterprises in the market etc.For better or for worse, competition is not limited to our personal lives scarce also thrives in our collective social, political, economic environment and not to forget in the field of sports. For instance, we all saw and openly displayed our enthusiasm and support for our department i. e. ITB during the cricket tournament and our players also felt motivated to outscore other Departments. Therefore, if competition is considered a positive and integral element in our progressive society, the brain that arises is why should it be perceived as anything less or a threat in our education system?Competitive education system empowers a student to face challenges and not to shy away from them. It helps a student identify his/her strengths and weaknesses and further provides the necessary motivation t o focus on the strengths and overcome the weaknesses. In academics a student give be able to assess what he/she has learnt so far in the class through oral and written examinations. In co-curricular activities, a student might be poor in sports but may be exceptional in painting.Through the means of competition, this student go out be able to discover what he/she is good at and then focus on refining that particular skill, thereby a student will feel motivated to strive for excellence in the activity that brings out the best in him. Yes its true, in a competitive environment there is room for only one winner and for every winner to win the prize there must be a loser to take the fall, because failure is the some(prenominal) needed contrast to success and vice versa. Having said that, one can argue that competition is not most winning or losing but about giving our best.Salman Rushdie in his novel midnight children wrote All games have morals and the game of Snakes and Ladders ca ptures, as no other activity can hope to do, the eternal fairness that for every ladder you climb, a snake is waiting just around the corner and for every snake, a ladder will compensate. Therefore, a student in a competitive education system, in keeping with the spirit of competition can learn an important moral lesson of life handling failures gracefully and perceiving it as a stepping stone to success. Ultimately, learning these crucial lessons from a competitive education system the easy way is better than learning from the unforgiving real world the hard way.

Responses to Question 1 and 4 on “Two Ways of Seeing a River” on page 481 of Model for Writers

1. The method of organization that Twain uses in this selection is time aim because he described the way he saw and experienced the river in a sequence as they occurred. In addition, he stared an study by revealing an event in the past and ended it in the present. That is the time govern organization. He might have used the comparison and contrast method as the alternative methods because he compared two different ways of seeing the same river.The knowledge and the experience would have been gained or lost. 4. Yes, Twain feels he has gained most or lost most. He has gained the knowledge and the experience when he looking at the river. At the first time he saw it, he was exalt by its calmness, its smoothness and its beauty. However, after lots of time looking at that river, he became less impressed in it. While he lost his aroused connection to the river, he lost the connectedness of it to his live. Thats what he has lost.Reponses to Question 1 through 6 on Grant and Lee A look at in Contrasts on page 493-494 of Model for Writers 1. In paragraph 10-12, Catton discusses what he considers to be the most striking contrast among Grant and Lee. That different is that dapple Lee saw himself defending only his region, a static society that did not want to change, Grant was fighting for a growing, expanding nation. In addition, Grant was the groundbreaking man emerging, while Lee stood for the past, for traditions that originated in the age of chivalry. . The similarities that Catton sees between Grant and Lee are tenacious, daring and resourceful. Most important, according to Catton believes, is that both of them had the ability to gimmick from war to peace because it helped the two sections to become one nation again. 3. 4. Catton organizes the body of his essay paragraph 3-16 by using time order and logical order pattern. He introduces the background of Grant and Lee and their view of society by contrasting them.Then he uses transitional paragraph from con trast to comparison. 5. 6. Catton constructs clear transitions between paragraphs. The transitional devices he uses are using comparison and contrast words to link the paragraphs (yet, on the other hand), using addition words such as furthermore, and, and using time transition (lastly). Because of these transitions, they help me read easily to know the main idea of the whole essay and to join the various parts of an essay together.

American Indian History

The meaning of the word nation can be interpreted in different shipway, not makeing it al slipway signifies the people, primaeval language, traditions and a territory. Every nation has its own usages and they are inherited by its nation across the generations. The people love their culture and love their land. Long time ago people learnt to discipline the soil and to grow the crops. However, the land is not just peoples wet-nurse. It is something more for natives, because it unites them into ace whole, into one nation. But when somebody deprives people of their land, the big businessman of population as a nation weakens.The world glowering upside follow step to the fore wrote Colin G. C altogetheroway trying to bring to the readers a sorry plight of Indians after blood-thirsty invasion of side of meat domain into their land. field pansy and idyll of innate Americans life remained in the past and refreshed era of a disaster came. One group after another endured succes sive waves of epidemic disease, inter-tribal and European warfare, rapid environ haveforcetal switch, colonial pressure for cultural diversity, displace custodyt, and sometimes enslavement and servitude. around groups disintegrated under the pressure, tho others raise ways to survive and some new groups came into being.It was not easy for them to adapt to the new laws white men had brought with them. The Indians felt up that something was dying for ever and their home had changed. But the main human instinct of a survival play its discover role. The Indians learnt to live with colonists. In this paper well discuss the various ways Indian peoples adapted to their new settlers. To open the subject perfectly well look to the life of the Native Americans through the history. For thousands of years land that is this instant the United States belonged to the Indians. They spoke many different languages.They lived in many different ways. slightly were farmers. Some were hunters. Some lived deep in the forests in villages of strongly built houses. Others roamed over the grassy plains, take holding all they owned with them. all(prenominal) Indian belonged to a tribe, which was made up of a number of bands. Just ii or iii families constituted some bands. Each Indian thought of himself first not as one man but as part of a band and of a tribe. All the members of a band took disturbance of each other. They hunted or f gird together and shared whatever they caught or grew. Some tribes were warlike. Others lived in peace.Indian religions were many. Some believed in one god, others in many, but all believed that man and nature were very close. Hunters or farmers all knew that the wind, the rain, the sun, the grass, the trees, and all the animals that lived on the soil were important to them. For thousands of years Indians wandered through the forests, over the grassy plains and great deserts. The earth was their mother, supplying all their wants. Then men arr ived from Europe, men who wanted to take this land and have it for their own. These men believed that land could be cut up and bought and sold.In 1513 the Spaniard Ponce de Leon arrived in Florida. He did not stay, but he was fallowed by others Europeans who came to settle the land that was to become the United States. Spaniards came and Frenchmen came. Settlers came from En secreter to Virginia and Massachusetts. These settlers wanted the Indians land. They wanted it for farms and cities. Englishmen cut down the forests and ploughed the earth. Sometimes they made treaties with the Indians in which it was agreed that part of the land belonged to the newcomers and part to the Indians. As more men came from Europe, thence were more men who wanted Indians land.The natives could not sell or give away all their land, but the settlers wanted it all. Eventually conflicts arose and outgrew into the Indian Wars. Because of nomadic life, small numbers, lack of weapons Indians turned out not worthy adversary for their enemy. But the Indians fought for their land. They went on fighting for almost four hundred years. Indian armed opposition was suppressed altogether at the end of nineteenth and their remains were driven to reservations. The Europeans carried with them not only longing to subdue the new land for all its material richness, but resembling brought unknown and plaguey diseases.According to Northern Plains Indian spend counts (chronologies) epidemic diseases occurred on average every 5. 7 years for the orbit and every 9. 7-15. 8 years for individual groups. Disease outbreaks tended to follow episodes of famine or disease and tended to be followed by episodes of abundance of game when human mortality had been high. Epidemics preceded sustained contact with non-natives. The groups keeping winter counts recognised that epidemic diseases were spread through intergroup contact.Recorded reactions to epidemics include population dispersal, attempts to identify effective medicines, avoidance of outsiders, and changes in ghostly practices. Chronological listing of references to epidemics in winter counts shows that the northern plains groups endured about thirty-six major epidemics between 1714 and 1919 (table 1). salient smallpox broke out in 1837-38 that decimated the Mandas. Unlike the Yanktonai Blue Thunder winter counts, the Oglala outhouse Colhoff and transient Hawk winter counts describe the 1844-45 epidemic as severe. Blue Thunder notes that this epidemic was very widespread.The Hunkpapa Cranbrook winter count states that only children were concussion by the 1844 measles or smallpox epidemic. . Iron Crow account a food shortage in 1817 followed by measles or smallpox in 1818. The Yanktonai privy Bear recounted a severe famine in 1814, followed by a severe epidemic in 1815. It is unlikely that birthrates could increase enough to compensate for this frequent loss of life. Many aspects of native life in the Great Plains were af fected by epi-demics. Military might depended as much on a groups health as on the training and technology available to its warriors.Patterns of social aggregation and dispersal, religious revivals, migrations, and survival of cross groups were affected by epidemic disease. The diseases and wares drained Indians having made them vulnerable before Englishmen. As colonists were entirey conscious(predicate) from their negotiations for Indian land, the best way to press Indians into service was to allow them to run up debts with English merchants, then demand the balance and bring them to court when they could not pay. In such way violation of the rights of Indians3 continued for a long time.There is more then one example of illegal capture of Indians in their sorrowful history. For instance on August 12, 1865 a Hopi woman wobbled into the office of Lieutenant Colonel Julius C. Show, commanding officeholder of beef up Wingate, New Mexico Territory. She looked appallingly her clott ed hair with blood from a hand wound hung down her face. The woman declared to Show that while she and her nine-year-old daughter were walking the wagon road between Cubero and Fort Wingate, two men from the village overtook them, thumped her with their rifle butts and left her beside the trail.When she regained consciousness some hours later, her daughter was missing. Retracing her steps to Cubero, she discover that the men had kidnapped her daughter and refused her to see the child. Then she went to Fort Wingate to plead for Shaws mediation in the kidnapping. twain accordant developments provide larger historical and cultural context for the Hopi womans dilemma. For although discrete in certain details, the sufferings of this anonymous woman prove symptomatic of the experience of women and children caught in larger processes of violence, exchange, and state linguistic rule in the region.Chato Sanchez the man who captured the girl answered Shaws question about the mother and he r daughter cl primaeval that he had assumed a debt which this woman contracted and had taken both the mother and her daughter as security measure against that debt. 4 The man probably spoke the truth as he saw it. Since the early ordinal century, Spanish New Mexicans had engaged in the practice of rescate, or rescue and redemption of captives held in the power of los indions barbarous. In New Mexico rescate served as the artifice by which legal and moral sanctions against Indian thraldom could be subverted.Much about Indian society and culture in southern New England had changed during Howwoswees lifetime. From the late seventeenth century through the early nineteenth century, English merchants exploited the Indians dependence on store credit to coerce men, women, and children alike into bonded service. County court judges complemented this effort by indenturing native debtors who could not pay off their accounts and Indian convicts who could not meet their court fines and costs of jailing. Meanwhile, colonial officials made teeny-weeny but token efforts to stem such practices despite full awareness that they were occurring.By 1700, neither Christian Indians nor colonists found it acceptable for natives to put on reed-woven clothes, skins, or just shirts with leggings, as they did in the seventeenth century. As a result Indians either had to purchase spinning wheels and get wool to their own cloth, which a minority did, or else buy finished material or clothing from local stores. Cloth, clothing, and stitch items constituted 16 share of the value of native purchases at Vineyarder John Allens store between 1732 and 1752, 63 share at John Sumners between 1749 and 1752, and 86 percent at Peter Nortons between 1759 and 1765 (see table 2).Even for merchants who did not specialize in fabric, like Beriah Norton, cloth and clothing sales made up no less than 13 percent of the value of Indian transactions. 5 Food charges for corn, meat, and sweeteners were also significant, running as high as 26 percent at one store (see tables 1). English land purchases had so effectively restricted Indian movement that the natives mixed subsistence base of corn-bean-squash agriculture, shellfish gathering, fishing, and hunting had been soundly compromised.Dams prevented fish from migrating along rivers. In connecting with deer herds declined, Indians were compelled to kill their livestock or buy meat. Traditional economic activities were further undermined when Indians went to bestow for colonists during place and harvest seasons in order to pay off store accounts. The laborers turned to purchased, rather than self-raised, corn to carry them through the lean winter months until Aprils fish runs and the midsummer harvest of squash and beans replenished stores.In such way rhythm began first, a native family was pressed to rely on pur-chased food for a season or two then creditors force adults to work for Englishmen the next cold season, they were back at the store to buy things they had been futile to provide for themselves during the previous year and thus debts mounted again and the pattern repeated itself. Bonded service affected the Indians of southern New England not only individually but culturally as well. Inevitably, having so many Indians, particularly children, living among the English promoted native acculturation to colonial ways.Some acculturative change proved empowering for native communities. Other shifts were decidedly less welcome. In either case, groups such as the Wampanoags of Aquinnah and Mashpee, the Narragansetts, and the Pequots were forced to struggle with how to define themselves as they became more like their English neighbors. Indian children had not only to withstand separation from their parents and relatives but to adapt to the colonists strange ways. Left with little choice, they could do nothing but adjust. By making colonial agricultural and domestic tasks an accepted part of Indian life, inde ntures played a key role in natives acculturation.In 1767, when Eleazar Wheelock put a Narragansett Indian boy to work in the fields, the boys father having verbalized a protest proclaimed I can as well learn him that myself being myself brought up with the best of Farmers. 7 As usual women rarely recorded such statements, but changes in their work prove that they also were adopting English ways. Indians Betty Ephraim, Patience Amos, and Experience Mamuck received credit from Richard Macy for spinning yarn and sewing possibly on equipment that they owned themselves, given the presence of spinning wheels and looms in a few native estate inventories.Indentures were not the only factor encouraging Indians to adopt new tasks and technology. Missionaries continued to promote the benefits of colonial work ways, no doubt persuading some listeners. Other natives distressed that their lack of accumulated capital made them inveterate vulnerable to merchants and judges, carefully decided to live more like my Christian English neighbors. 8 The outrageousness of servitudes impact on Indian culture is obvious. At least one-third of native children were living with the English at any given time, most under indentures that kept them in service until their late teens or early twenties.When these servants returned home as adults, they passed on what they had learned to their children, some of whom were in turn bound out to colonists. By the second half of the 18th century, probably nearly all native households included at least one person who had spent an essential portion of his or her childhood as a servant. As a result of poverty and widespread indentured servitude, were the changes Indians experienced in their dress. Between the sexual climax of English settlement and King Philips War, Praying Indians in order to mark themselves as Christians cut their hair and donned shirts, pants, shoes, hats, and cloaks.However, many Christian Indians refused to abide by the English dictate that people dress according to their station in the colonists social hierarchy. Indian women, in particular, had a special liking for jewelry and clothes that colonists considered gaudy and ungodly. Servitude also influenced the Indians food ways. Throughout the early seventeenth century, the usual Indian dish was a corn flesh that consisted of some mix of vegetables, shellfish, fish, and/or game. Water was the natives sole drink. But soon merchants stocked alternative foods and extensive Indian credit lines, as traditional sources of protein became less accessible.As a result natives became accustomed to the food provided by colonial masters the Indian diet began to change. Although Indians continued to consume traditional foods, by the early eighteenth century they also ate mutton, beef, cheese, and potatoes, massive quantities of molasses and sugar, and smaller amounts of peas, biscuits, and apples (see table 2). Thus, by the end of the eighteenth century the Indian lif e rather changed. The characteristics that previously had distinguished natives from their colonial neighbors were no longer a part of Indian existence.Indians became more like their white neighbors in their gendered division of labor, in their food and dress, and perhaps even in their propensity to beat children. As colonists forced Indian children as well as adults into bonded labor, natives lost control not only over their workaday lives but over the very fostering of their young people. Large numbers of children and young adults spent most of their developmental years working in colonists homes and on their farms and ships, where they heard and spoke English, performed English work, wore English clothing, and ate English food.Over time, they could not help but become more like their masters. Food, labor, dress, child-rearing these are major elements of any peoples cultural life. But indentured servitudes impact on Indian culture was even greater, its reach even longer. It stru ck much nearer to the foundations of Indian identity when it began to interfere with the peoples ability to pass on native languages through word of mouth and print. Gradually, Indians became English-only speakers and this change more than any other threatened Indian claims to distinctiveness.During the first two-thirds of the eighteenth century, as more and more natives served indentures, Indian literacy rates stagnated or declined. This lack of progress is remarkable, considering that in the seventeenth century, colonial officials and native parents alike expected masters to instruct bound Indian children to read and write English. Some natives sent their materialisation to live with colonists or attend boarding schools precisely so that they would be formally educated.Not until the late eighteenth century, when native household servants began to receive instruction in writing from white women who were themselves in the process of gaining full literacy did Indian signature rate s start to climb, particularly among females. About three centuries wars of annihilation against Indians continued. Because of primitive weapon and nomadic life, Indians forces were broken. But not their spirit. Love to their land, nature and culture always lived and lives in their hearts.Despite all the disasters which condemnable down their heads Indians adapted to the new life. New settlers left indelible imprint on Indians life, traditions and language. Many groups of Native Americans did not stand cruel invasion in their life but some of them learnt to find ways to survive. And nowadays the Spirit of the chieftain lives in the heart of every Indian. They are proud of their tribal grow and their culture. Notes 1. Colin G. Calloway, The World Turned Upside Down Indian voices from Early America (Dartmouth College). 2.Linea Sundstrom, Smallpox Used Them Up References to Epidemic Disease in Northern Plains Winter Counts, 1714-1920, 309 3. Richard White and John M. Findlay, Power a nd Place in the North American West (Seattle and London University Of Washington Press), 44. 4. White, Power and Place, 45. 5. David J. Silverman, The impact of Indentured Servitude on the rescript and Culture of Southern New England Indians, 1680 1810,626. 6. Silverman, The impact of Indentured Servitude, 627. 7. Silverman, The impact of Indentured Servitude, 652. 8. Ibid.

Ap Comparative Government/Politics Ch.1 Outline Essay

IntroductionThe Global Challenges of comparative politicsIntroduction to Comparative Politics-Studies how contrasting countries both shape and are shaped by the world. 1989,2001, and 2008 define the current era of world politics-describes a particular important moment hypercritical juncture. A frequently cited date is 1989, when the Berlin wall was dismantled. 1989 ushered in trey important changes. Marked the end of a bipolar world-marked the emergence of a unipolar world. Marked the endure of one model of presidencyal and economic development. 1989 was a gateway to globalization.Globalization provided a new and distinctive lens for analyzing politics within and among countries. The get wind question is that whether the global diffusion of investment, trade, production, and electronic communication technologies would advocate a worldwide expansion of opportunity and enhance human development. We view been forced to rethink the pith of globalizationSince on September 11 , 2001, when the Islamic terrorist group led by Osama Bin Laden launched deathlike attacks on The World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The attacks created a new challenge, and produced a tragic and somber critical juncture following the brief post-cold war period. Many countries have been attacked by terrorist before Sept. 11, 2001, including the U.S. This was different because of the arrive of the scale-more than 3000 deaths. 9/11 was not an isolated event, soon followed attacks around the world. This led to be known as the Contemporary era. In October, the U.S. attacked the Taliban regime in Afghanistan because that was where it was known for Osama Bin Laden-the leader of the attack on 9/11-to be hiding. Globalization and Terrorism make the current era complex and fraught with uncertainties. 2008 is noteworthy because of a cascade of economic challenges. Such as the price of crude inunct on world markets reached $ vitamin C a barrel and $140 by the summer. Gas at the pump cost over $4 a gallonAnd a world wide recession erupted in late 2008, the demand for oil plummeted. The price of petroleum matters because the world runs on oil, itfuels the global rescue. The world supply is finite, nonrenewable, and becoming increasingly scarce. rival for access to petroleum has considerably increased in the twenty-first century. This is largely because China and India have achieved some rapid industrialization and economic growth that requires hugh amounts of oil. Many of the major petroleum exporters have somewhat parlous regimes. Finally, the cost of petroleum is measured in dollars, and the U.S. dollar has significantly declined new-fashionedly. 2008 was the year when scientists started warning nation near CO2 emissions and that in several decades may be an irreversible tipping point. Involving melting polar ice caps and rising slope sea levels, which can be disastrous for people in coastal areas. Globalization and Comparative PoliticsGlobalization also inv olves the movement of people due to migration, employment, business, and educational opportunities. Globalization includes other profound changes that are less visible but equally significant. For example, new applications of information technology and new ways to retire news and images around the world. Making Sense of Turbulent TimesThe World of States the historical formation, internal organization, and interaction of states within the international order. Governing the Economy the role of the state in economic management. The Democratic topic the spread of democracy and the challenges of democratization. The Politics of Collective Identities the sources and political impact of diverse collective identities, including class, gender, paganity, nationality, and religion. What-and How-Comparative Politics ComparesComparative Politics is a subfield within the academic discipline of political science as well as a method or approach to the subject of politics. Comparative Politics involves comparing domestic political institutions, processes, policies, conflicts, and attitudes in different countries. Level of AnalysisCountries comprise distinct, politically defined territories that encompasspolitical institutions, cultures, economics, and ethnic and other social identities. The state is almost always the most powerful cluster of institutions. State refers to the key political institutions responsible for making, implementing, and adjudicating important policies in a country. Causal Theories basiss for Comparative Analysis head 1 A World of StatesStates provide more or less well for the social protection of citizens by means of the provision-in one way or another-of health care, old age pensions, aid to dependent children, and assistance to the unemployed. It is states that mold the movement of people across boarders through immigration law. States have been significantly bear on by globalization.Theme 2 Governing the EconomyThe success of states in mainta ining sovereign authority and control over their people is greatly affected by their ability to ensure that an adequate volume of goods and services is produced to satisfy the needfully of their populations. Effective economic performance is near the top of every states personal agenda. How it organizes production and the extent and reputation of it intervention in the economy-is a key element in its overall pattern of governance. Political economy refers to how governments affect economic performance and how economic performance in turn affects a countrys political processes. Sustainable development which promotes ecologically sound ways to modernize the economy and raise the standards of living. Theme 3 The Democratic IdeaOne of the most important and astounding political developments in recent years has been the rapid spread of democracy throughout much of the world. There is overwhelming evidence of the loaded appeal of the democratic belief, by which the claim by citizens t hat they should, exercise substantial control over the decisions do by their states and governments. By 2007 more countries were becoming free, while democracy is not yet uniformly practiced, nor uniformly accepted. Another important pressure for democracy is born of the human desire for dignity and equality. Social Movements havetargeted the state because of its actions or inactions in such varied spheres as environmental regulation, reproductive rights, and race or ethnic relations. Theme 4 The Politics of Collective IdentityComparatists thought that social class-solidarities bases on the shared out experience of work or economic position. Now know that the formation of group attachments and the interplay of politically pertinent collective identities are far more complex and uncertain. Religion is another source of collective identity- as well as of severe political conflict. Distributional politics-the process of deciding who gets what and how resources are distributed. Class ifying Political SystemsWhen Comparativists tell a large number of typesetters cases into smaller number of types or clusters, they call the result a typology. Typology promote comparison both within the same type as well as between types of states. squeeze out also compare across clusters or types. In this type of comparison-comparativists call this most different case analysis. What is the meaning-or rather meanings-of democracy?Salternative to the highest public offices is on the basis of free and fair election. For an election to qualify as fair, there must be procedures in place guaranteeing candidates the right to compete, all citizens must be entitled to vote, and votes must be counted accurately. Political parties are free to organize, present candidates for public office, and compete in elections. The elected governments develops policy according to specified procedures. All citizens possess political rights.The political placement contains a judiciary with powers in dependent of the executive and legislature. The elected government exercises supreme power within the government and country. There is widespread agreement that conflicts will be resolved peacefully. A Typology of Political SystemsOur typology of political systems involves a further distinction between long-established, or consolidated democracies. Organization of the Text1 The Making of the contemporary StateSection 1 provides an overview of the forces that have shaped the particular character of the state. This discussion should give you the idea of how the country assumed its current political order. 2 Political Economy and Development(1) Section 2 looks at the issues raised by our core theme of governing the economy and analyzes how economic development has affected political change. 3 Governance and Policy-Making(1) Section 3 describes the states major policy-making institutions and procedures. Representation and Participation(1) The focus of section 4 is the relationship betw een a countrys state and society. 5 Politics in Transition(1) In Section 5, each country study returns to the books four themes and analyzes the major challenges reshaping the world and the study of comparative politics.

Compare and Contrast Beka Lamb and Miguel Street Essay

or so writers of the Caribbean view as been preoccupied by particular themes and have adhered to mutual tracks, while often contrasted in advance and writing. The possibility or impossibility of the account of nonpareils fiction, when the very concept of the individual has been downcast by thr in all and colonisation, the circumstances of advent of a new Caribbean identity, the analysis of the past, writing in dislodge and lastly, landscape and nature where the environment or surrounding tells the story, is an essential basis of examination of oneself and ones community.Writers have also frequently concentrated on former oral and social customs, so as to examine c arefully the fragment they assimilate in the advancement of modern- daytime society and consciousness. In twain Miguel passageway and Beka Lamb the impact of colonisation that enticed the major themes such as the issue of identity, exile and migration, and women, volition be epitomised by comparing and contrasti ng.Beka Lamb was issued in 1982, the year subsequent to independence, alone it portrays to the reader moderately of the late 1970s, right between the political melee that conflicted the British Crown and Guatemala, a country whose territorial prerogatives on British Honduras had been extensively deliberated on the Belizean community.The social jeopardy that Edgell produces consist of the indigenous peril that Creoles, harbour, from the increase Hispanic populace and the socioeconomic hindrances that Creoles experience as they endeavour to ascend from inferior to intermediate stanceall in the wider perspective of Belize upgrading from just a society to an separate state. Zee Edgell gives the impression of hope, that, through with(predicate) suitable discipline, Creoles can equally redeem their rank in the Belizean indigenous hierarchy and also transit from lowly to more proficient professionsand without negotiating too much of their affluent ethnic heritage.During the course o f the novel Belize is publicize as a country still vacillating between its embryonic national consciousness and a post-colonial viewpoint, a country wedged amid contrasting completely when pre-determined visions of itself. It is in this socio-political milieu that the story of Beka is established. The contending allegiances at playfulness in the country, exasperating ones search for identity, are echoed in the central character of the novel.From the clause entitled, The Wake in Caribbean Literature a Celebration of Self-knowledge and Community says, One of the best examples in Caribbean fabrication of the dialectic relationship between the individual and society, between the child and its community is reverberated through the protagonist of the novel. administration and community flavor are much more in the novel than a mere backdrop for an individual life-story.They are the inner landscape of every individual, of every child in Belize society, and Bekas pursuit for a viabl e identity, for a consistent self-image, reflects a collective undertaking (Misrahi-Barak, Judith). In the introduction of Caribbean Women Writers, it says, The material body of the grand niggle is an obvious emblem of the continuing influence of the past as pervasive in Caribbean womens fiction, often like Velma Pollards Gran who is a master baker, recollected in terms of a practical skill Ma Chess in Jamaica Kincaids Annie John is a healer granny Ivy in Zee Edgells Beka Lamb or the grandmother in Dionne Brandss unretentive story Photograph, or an association with its rural beauty, like Ma in Merle Hodges Crick Crack Monkey or the grandmother in Marlene Nourbese Philips Harriets Daughter (Conde, Mary). Miguel track is Naipauls semi-nonfictional description of his juvenile home, Trinidad. Miguel bridle-path is actually a sneak-peek account of the innate farcicality that immensely embodies the jazzs of Trinidadians (a microcosm of Trinidad) or to an extent the West Indies.The a rrangement of the book is layered and proposes that Naipaul could have been motivated from the people he had met during his childhood in Trinidad. It took place in the course of World War II and recounted by an anonymousbut articulately observantneighborhood boy who narrates the innumerable lives of idiosyncratic occupants of his neighbourhood in a modishly yet innocent way. His tone is both disconnected and acutely vigilant at the same time. in that location is no impression of plot until the very latter chapters, after the plot speaks about the narrator himself and his reverberance with some other main characters.The novel can also be perceived a assemblage of short stories, as each chapter takes place over years and deals with one character at a time but even if every chapter are unquestionably devoted for a sole character, the compressed interweaving of destiny of the dissimilar characters and the Street itself obscures the incoherence and concentrates on the appetizing fe el of a novel. In Edgells novel the two main characters of which are Toycie and Beka, have both been forewarned about hastenting pregnant out front graduation. Pregnancy out of marriage occurs regularly among teenage girls in Belize.Female persons are allowed to attend school nevertheless, not only the rate of education is too costly for most families, but once girls start to go school, they encounter rules that are different to the rules for the boys. In the middle of Toycies final year she be come outs pregnant. She is banished and not permitted to come back because the school believes, In cases like this, we believe it is entirely up to the modesty of the girl to foreclose these happenings (Edgell 119). The father of Toycies child, Emilio, has no consequence to face.Unlike Toycie, he is not banished from school. He will be able to get the education his affluent family pays for, and when he graduates and employment that will grant him the freedom that Toycie had awaited. The f unds for Toycie education was wasted that her aunt had so struggled for. Toycie will go down the same path of the women at once to her, like her aunt, Miss Eila, whom Bekas father said, is a simple wo populace, like many of our women, in accepted matters, (Edgell 120). Miss Eila lacks the funds to supply sufficiently for herself and her family.Toycie will upbring a child and contend every day to somehow make a living. Early pregnancy causes the limited roles available to women. It produces a social revolution that girls like Beka must apprehend to swim against. The preponderance of the characters in Beka Lamb are female and the story is communicated from a womans outlook, which is the total opposite to Miguel Street where most of the characters are male and a couple of(prenominal) were women, most of whom remained nameless as well as the story is narrated by a male. Bekas mother remains home with the family.Beka and Toycie attend an all-girls Catholic school where they are educate d by nuns. The absence of male characters is bold enough to know that the blunder was deliberate. The story demonstrates the veracity of the Belize culture. Male characters hunt or execute learned while the women sustain the homes and make what salary they can. In the novel, the scarce male characters have at least one fault that turns the reader away. Emilio gets Toycie pregnant, and after refuses to marry her. Bill is unsuccessful in demo consistent love to his family he frequently seems unconcerned or too busy.In Voices from the Gaps says The women who surround Beka influence her thinking and judgments. Interestingly, the women are politically well-informed. One would not expect the simple women to have interest in politics. While Beka keeps her father, she does so partially out of fear and partially because she is supposed to. Bekas gaze for Granny is different. Granny knows more about life and about Belize than either Beka or her father. Bekas efficiency to recognize this demonstrates not only Bekas maturity, but also her curiosity about and reverence toward the Belize culture. Horan, Kaite). some(prenominal) Miguel Street and Beka Lamb have an issue with women. In Beka Lamb the women go through a harsher penalisation than the men, though they are dominant in the novel they are persecuted under a prison-like structure although slavery days have long gone. Whereas, in Miguel Street, they marginalise the women and treat them as objects. There are few female characters which some dont even have a name i. e Georges married woman was never a proper person. I always thought of her just as Georges wife and that was all (Naipaul V. S. 27).Also implying that women genuinely did not have an identity or could not have existed without men, who were always in the forefront and women remained in the background. In the commencement of the novel, Beka is perplexed about her identity and appears to be a very unappreciative child. Her background is of a middle cla ss, Creole family, but does not testify gratefulness for her decent life because she does not pass first form. She flat irons her hair and has to live two opposite lives one at the school compound and another separate from school in her Belizean community.At school she has to upkeep the qualities of the Virgin Mary and is compulsorily to be completely dissimilar from the persons in her life. When not in school, Beka is challenged with the behaviours of her Belizean Creole people which creates a war in the manner she should behave internally. Bekas life soon changes with Toycies pregnancy. Before Toycie became pregnant, Beka had subsisted a safe, expectable life. She had quarrels with her family and she had chores, but Beka had not experienced life. Toycies situation pushed Beka to face organisation, separation, and demise.Beka goes back to school after Toycies removal and wins an essay contest. The self-doubts Beka confronted her whole life starts to withdraw. The platform Toycie o nce hoisted upon is now vacant. Beka has not substituted Toycie, but has begun to change her perception of whats on that platform. In The quarrel with history it mentions what one should be careful of, similar to Bekas situation, We can be victims of accounting when we submit passively to it never managing to escape its harrowing power.History (like literature) is capable of quarrying deep deep down us, as a consciousness or the emergence of a consciousness, as a neurosis (symptom of loss) and a contraction of the self (Baugh, Edward). The seventeen chapters of Miguel Street are often referred to separately as short stories, but read as a novel they create a Bildungsroman (as well as in broadsheet Lamb)in the European practice, a novel of edification or developmentthat traces its protagonists elevate toward manhood, climaxing in the protagonist discovering his place in the world.Also the apparent template sublimely suggested of what a man should be in nearly most of the chapter s of Miguel Street. Naipaul arrogates this European custom to comment upon the advent of Trinidad as an independent nation. Bogart, the first story, ends with what could be called Miguel Streets thesis after forsaking two women, one of whom has borne him a child becoming a drunkard They had never seen Bogart drink so much (Naipaul, V. S. 13) Bogart finally returns to Miguel Street To be a man, among we men (Naipaul, V. S. 16).It is understood, in the opening of chapter three that Popo is a carpenter who does not really create anything that could be categorized as furniture or architecture except the little galvanised-iron store below the mango tree behind his yard (Naipaul, V. S. 17). The men of the street mock him for not only the fact that he is an imitation carpenter but also, his wife is out performing all of the work whereas he sits at home constructing things with no name and insobriety rum. In fact, palpebra parallels him to a man-woman. non a proper man (Naipaul, V. S. 1 9).However, a little further down in the chapter Popos wife leaves him for another man and on one occasion he grows irritated enough to get the influence to beat up everybody and remain drunk all the time, and then the men decided to accept Popo as a man after all and acknowledged him as a member of the gang (Naipaul, V. S. 21). Hat says We was wrong about Popo. He is a man like any of we (Naipaul, V. S. 21). It becomes distinct that to almost all of the men, exhibiting hostility, being tangibly violent and masking oneself in drunken sorrows is what sanctions one as a man.It appears that they are not very fond of neither the sensitive type nor the poetic type. After looking at Popo and his circumstances, it becomes distinct to that narrator that to be accepted as a real man, it is imperative to demand ones respect, even at the cost of others. The deification that Popo receives when he takes his wife back from the new man, is knowledge the narrator that men similar to Bogart or ta kers such as men in the situation of Popo get all the admiration while the characters such as B. Wordsworth are not given the same respect and involuntary hide-off absent from the other men similar to B.Wordsworth did before his passing.Hat was the main father opine of the entire novel who was mentioned in almost in every chapter. He had gone to jail (Naipaul, V. S. 207), He was always getting himself into trouble with the police. A little cockfighting here, some gambling there, a little drinking somewhere else and so on (Naipaul, V. S. 204) were all considered factors to be a man among men. Later in both novels we can see where both Beka and the unnamed narrator finds their identity. Beka Lamb turns into a self-created, self-governing teen lady by the conclusion of the novel.Her identity and, by insinuation, the identity of the New Belize is composite and subtly drawn. On the social level, one is enthralled by Bekas seeming lack of friends on Cashew Street and at school, succeed ing Toycies death. Replacing Toycie, Beka makes friends only with a Mayan girl, Thomasita Ek, who is also an foreigner at St. Cecilias Academy. On a national scale, that friendship lacks much real importance, since the Mayas lean towards being so traditionally and geographically isolated from urban tradition that no spot-on, long-lasting ethnic conflict has thereby been associated.Beka at the end of the novel gives the impression being composed to become a nun in the aid of her homeland. Her essay, after all, dealt with the history of Belize. She composed it for the period of National Day. The day the petitioners were incarcerated, was the day she had won the prize. It was always her daydream to be a politician, and at the politics-laden St. Georges Caye, she practiced to become such. Then it can be spy where the narrator in Miguel Street also grows up and finds his identity.He is no longer astonished by Popo who keeps building this thing without a name. He does not look up to Ha t after he goes to jail. The narrator leaves Miguel Street as a ceremony of growing up. You must get over this, I said to my mother, Is not my fault really. Is just Tr inidad. What else anybody can do here except drink? (Naipaul, V. S. 216). He comes to reality and begins to ponder of what he wants to become in the future. He decides on becoming an Engineer and sticks with it no matter that his mother wants him to pursue law.